A serious intestinal bacterial infection that, similar to E. coli, is spread via contaminated food or water. Modern water treatment has nearly eliminated the disease in first world countries; it is still endemic in third world nations.
The symptoms and progression are quite horrendous (read wikipedia). Unlike E. coli, antibiotics can be administered to clear the infection. In untreated cases there is about a 25% mortality rate.
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The doctor protruded his lower lip. "This is typhoid fever," he said after a pause. "A very bad type. It has been assuming such a form this winter at Florence."